ESO, P. WEILBACHER/AIP, NASA, ESA, M.H. WONG AND J. TOLLEFSON/UC BERKELEY

A new technology developed for the the Very Large Telescope in Chile lets the ground-based observatory take visible light images of the planet Neptune (left) which rivals the images taken from the Hubble Space Telescope (right) in clarity. The technology works by cancelling out blur from Earth's atmosphere which is allowing astronomers to focus like never before.

Facts about the Very Large Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope:

Very Large Telescope (VLT), an observatory located on the mountain Cerro Paranal (2,635 metres [8,645 feet]) in Chile and consisting of four telescopes with mirrors 8.2 metres (27 feet) in diameter and four others with mirrors 1.8 metres (5.9 feet) in diameter. These telescopes can operate individually or together as an interferometer that functions like a telescope with a mirror 200 metres (600 feet) in diameter. The large telescopes are named Antu, Kueyen, Melipal, and Yepun, which are the names for the Sun, the Moon, the Southern Cross, and Venus in the language of the Mapuche people. Construction of the VLT began in 1991, and its first observations were made in 1998. Among the VLT’s notable discoveries are the first direct spectrum of an extrasolar planet, HR 8799c, and the first direct measurement of the mass of an extrasolar planet, HD 209458b. The VLT also discovered the most massive star known, R136a1, which has a mass 320 times that of the Sun. The VLT is operated by the European Southern Observatory, an astrophysical research organization supported by 16 European countries.

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the first sophisticated optical observatory placed into orbit around Earth. Hubble was launched into orbit on April 24, 1990, some 13 years after its construction was approved. It was serviced and updated by space shuttle crews in 1997, 1999, 2002, and 2009. Earth’s atmosphere obscures ground-based astronomers’ view of celestial objects by absorbing or distorting light rays from them. A telescope stationed in outer space is entirely above the atmosphere, however, and receives images of much greater brightness, clarity, and detail than do ground-based telescopes with comparable optics.

The HST is a large reflecting telescope whose mirror optics gather light from celestial objects and direct it into two cameras and two spectrographs (which separate radiation into a spectrum and record the spectrum). The HST has a 2.4-metre (94-inch) primary mirror, a smaller secondary mirror, and various recording instruments that can detect visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. The most important of these instruments, the wide-field planetary camera, can take either wide-field or high-resolution images of the planets and of galactic and extragalactic objects. This camera is designed to achieve image resolutions 10 times greater than that of even the largest Earth-based telescope. A faint-object camera can detect an object 50 times fainter than anything observable by any ground-based telescope; a faint-object spectrograph gathers data on the object’s chemical composition. A high-resolution spectrograph receives distant objects’ ultraviolet light that cannot reach Earth because of atmospheric absorption.

References
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hubble-Space-Telescope
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Very-Large-Telescope
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/move-over-hubble-sharp-pic-neptune-was-taken-earth

 

Image credit: DailySpace00

These are the astronauts who were chosen to fly the first missions of SpaceX's Dragon 2 and Boeing's Starliner. Most of them already have flight experience. Some have flown to space in different vehicles such as the Soyuz and the Space Shuttle, or have flown commercial or military aircraft.


Boeing Astronauts

Nicole Aunapu Mann 
Nicole Victoria Aunapu Mann is an American test pilot and NASA astronaut. She is an F/A-18 Hornet pilot, and a graduate of the US Naval Academy, Stanford University and the US Naval Test Pilot School. She has over 2,500 flight hours in 25 types of aircraft, 200 carrier landings, and has flown 47 combat missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Mann completed astronaut training in 2015 and was assigned in August 2018 to Boe-CFT, the first manned test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Nicole Victoria Aunapu, Jun 27, 1977, Petaluma, California, US


Christopher Ferguson
Christopher J. "Fergei" Ferguson is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
Nationality: American
Status: Active (Boeing) / Retired (NASA)
Born: Sept 1, 1961, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Eric Boe
Eric Allen Boe is a United States Air Force fighter pilot Colonel, test pilot, a Civil Air Patrol member, and a NASA astronaut. He flew as the pilot of Space Shuttle missions STS-126 and STS-133.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Eric Allen Boe, Oct 1, 1964, Miami, Florida, U.S.

Sunita Williams
Sunita Lyn Williams is an American astronaut and United States Navy officer who formerly held the records for total spacewalks by a woman and most spacewalk time for a woman. Williams was assigned to the International Space Station as a member of Expedition 14 and Expedition 15. In 2012, she served as a flight engineer on Expedition 32 and then commander of Expedition 33.
Status: Active
Born: September 19, 1965, Euclid, Ohio, U.S.
Other occupation: Test pilot

Josh A. Cassada
Josh Aaron Cassada is a NASA astronaut of the class of 2013.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Jul 18, 1973, San Diego, California, U.S.


SpaceX Astronauts

Robert L. Behnken
Robert Louis "Bob" Behnken is a United States Air Force officer, NASA astronaut and former Chief of the Astronaut Office. Behnken holds a Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering and holds the rank of Colonel in the U.S. Air Force. Col. Behnken has logged over 1,000 flight hours in 25 different aircraft.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Jul 28, 1970, Creve Coeur, Missouri, U.S.

Douglas G. Hurley
Douglas Gerald Hurley is an engineer and NASA astronaut. He piloted Space Shuttle mission STS-127, which launched July 15, 2009. He was assigned and flew as pilot for STS-135, the final flight of the Space Shuttle program, in July 2011. He is also the first Marine to fly the F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet. His call sign is "Chunky" and was sometimes referred to by this name on the communication loops.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Douglas Gerald Hurley, Oct 21, 1966, Endicott, New York

Victor J. Glover
Victor Jerome Glover is a NASA astronaut of the class of 2013.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Apr 30, 1976, Pomona, California, U.S.

Michael S. Hopkins
Michael Scott Hopkins is a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, and a current NASA astronaut. Hopkins was selected in June 2009 as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20. He made his first spaceflight as a Flight Engineer on Soyuz TMA-10M/Expedition 37/Expedition 38, from September 2013 until March 2014. He was the first member of his astronaut class to fly in space.
Nationality: American
Status: Active
Born: Dec 28, 1968, Lebanon, Missouri, U.S.

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